1.태
1)능동태: 주어가 동사의 동작을 스스로 행하며 동작을 하는 주어에 초점
2)수동태: 주어가 동사의 동작을 받음. 동작을 받는 목적어에 초점
3)수동태 만드는 법
I painted the picture. (능)
주어 동사 목적어
be+p.p
(1) (2) (3) (수)
The picture was painted by me.
(1)능동태 목적어-->수동태의 주어
(2) 동사 -->be(인칭, 시제 반영)+p.p
(3) 주어 -->by+목적격으로 문장 끝에
(4)기타 수식어구 등은 그대로
(5)능동태의 주어가 일반인, 불분명할 때: by+목적격 생략
They speak English in Hongkong.
-->English is spoken in Hongkong.
2.문형별 수동태
1)제3문형의 수동태
We see stars at night.
-->Stars are seen at night.
(주의1)부정어가 주어인 문장의 수동태
주어가 Nobody, Nothing등인 경우 수동태에서는 by nobody,
by nothing이 아니고 not... by anybody, not ...by anything이 됨
Nobody can repair this broken vase.
-->This broken vase cannot be repaired by anybody.
(주의2)목적어가 that절인 경우의 수동태
say, think, believe 등의 목적어가 that절인 경우 두 가지 수동태
They say that he is still alive.
목적어
That he is still alive is said (by them).
진주어-->가주어 it으로 받고 뒤로 보냄
-->i) It is said that he is still alive.
-->ii) He is said to be still alive.
2)제4문형의 수동태
(1)목적어가 두 개이므로 원칙적으로 두 가지 수동태 가능
직접목적어를 주어로 수동태를 만들 때는 간접목적어 앞에 <to>를
두나 생략 가능
Someone sent Peter the money.
-->Peter was sent the money by someone.
-->The money was sent (to) Peter by someone.
(2)직접목적어를 주어로 수동태만 가능한 경우
buy, make, write, read 등. 간접목적어 앞에는 전치가 <for>를 둠
I bought her a new dress.
-->A new dress was bought for her.
(x) She was bought a new dress.
(3)간접목적어 앞에 to, for 중 어느 것을 붙이나?
to: give, lend, teach, tell, write, read
for: buy, make, cook (for는 생략하지 않음)
3)제5문형 수동태
(1)목적보어를 수동태의 주어로 하지 않도록 주의
They call him Little John.
-->He is called Little John.
(2)원형부정사의 변화
<주어+사역동사[지각동사]+목적어+원형부정사> 구문의 수동태에서는
원형부정사를 to부정사로 써야 한다.
We saw him enter the room.
-->He was seen to enter the room.
4)수동태가 불가능한 경우
:have, resemble, become
I have a pen.
--> A pen is had by me.(x)
3.수동태의 시제
1)현재, 과거, 미래
am[are, is]
was[were] +과거분사
will[shall] be
They will pay you later. --> You will be paid later.
2)현재, 과거진행
am[are, is]
+being+과거분사
was[were]
Somebody is cleaning the room right now.
-->The room is being cleaned right now.
3)현재완료, 과거완료, 미래완료
have[has]
had +been+과거분사
will[shall] have
They have spent many years in building the tower.
-->Many years have been spent in building the tower.
4.의문문, 명령문의 수동태
1)의문문의 수동태
(1)의문사가 없는 의문문: 의문문을 평서문으로 고쳐 태를 전환한 다음
다시 의문문으로 고치는 순서가 쉬움
Can we see a full moon tonight?
(--> We can see a full moon tonight.)
(--> A full moon can be seen tonight.)
--> Can a full moon be seen tonight.
(2)의문사가 있는 의문문
What did he write?
-->What was written by him?
Who invited him?
-->By whom was he invited?
2)명령문의 수동태: <Let+목적어+be+과거분사>
Do it at once.
-->Let it be done at once.
Don't touch the button.
-->Don't let the button be touched.
-->Let the button not be touched.
5.주의해야할 수동태
1)준동사의 수동태: <동사+부사> 또는 <동사+전치사>는 함께 취급
His friends laughed at him.
-->He was laughed at by his friends.
A car ran him over.
-->He was run over by a car.
2)by 이외의 전치사를 사용하는 수동태
I was interested in jazz music.
We were very surprised at the music.
Are you satisfied with the results?
She is known to everyone.
A tree is known by its fruit.
This desk is made of wood.
Wine is made from grapes.
He was killed by the thief.
He was killed with a gun.
be covered with
be filled with
6.수동태의 응용
1)수동태의 두 가지 의미
(1)The gate is closed at eight. [동작]
(2)The gate is closed all day. [상태]
2)<have+목적어+과거분사>로 수동의 의미를 나타내는 경우
I had my purse stolen.
= My purse was stolen.
I had my hat washed.
= My hat was stolen
@ have+사물+v-ed <==> have+사람+동사원형
I had my car washed by him.
I had him wash my car.
3)수동태가 자주 쓰이는 경우
(1)동작주에 대해 잘 모를 경우
Ten people were killed in the accident.
(2)동작주가 별로 중요하지 않거나 문맥상 너무나 명확한 경우
I was born in 1977.
(3)동작주가 막연한 일반인일 경우
English and French are spoken in Canada.
7.문제
1-4)같은 뜻이 되게 ()에 써라.
1)She opened the door.
-->The door ( )( )( )( ).
2)She made my life unhappy.
-->My life ( )( )( ) by her.
3)Father taught me French.
-->I ( )( ) French by Father.
-->French ( )( )( ) by Father.
4)He will not do the work.
-->The work ( )( )( )( ) by him.
5-9)주어진 문장과 같은 의미가 되도록 ( )에 써라.
5)He was seen to go out for a walk by me.
-->I ( ) him ( )( ) for a walk.
6)Trees can be seen in the mountain.
-->( ) can see trees in the mountain.
7)English is being studied by her.
-->She ( )( ) English.
8)What has been cooked by her for dinner?
-->What ( ) she ( ) for dinner?
9)Nobody believes him.
-->He is ( ) believed by ( ).
10-13)( )에 알맞은 전치사를 써라.
10)The mountain is covered ( ) snow.
11)I was surprised ( ) the news.
12)His letter was written ( ) French.
13)These boxes are made ( ) wood.
14)어법상 올바른 것을 골라라.
(1)Jim is interesting in collecting coins.
(2)She is resembled by her father.
(3)The boy was given the present.
(4)This letter has been writing by me.
(5)How many children was invited to the party?
15-18)같은 뜻이 되도록 ()에 써라.
15)그는 1966년에 태어났다.
He ( )( ) in 1966.
16)나는 삼촌에게서 그 책을 받았다.
I ( )( ) the book by my uncle.
17)Tom은 그녀의 보살핌을 받는다.(look after)
Tom ( )( )( ) by her.
18)브라질에서는 영어로 말합니까?
( ) English ( ) in Brazil.