1현재
1)현재의 사실, 상태: My sister wears glasses.
2)현재의 습관, 반복적 행위: I drink three cups of coffee a day.
3)불변의 진리, 사실: Water boils at 100 C.
4)미래시제의 대용
(1)가까운 미래의 확정적 예정: 왕래발착 동사 leave, start, arrive,
reach, go, come 등이 미래를 나타내는 부사(구)와 함께 쓰여 가까 은 미래를 나타냄
The World Cup begins tomorrow.
(2)때, 조건의 부사절: 미래의 일을 현재시제로 나타냄
If it rains[ will rain(x)], I will not go on a picnic.
2과거
1)과거의 사실, 상태, 동작: He took off his hat.
2)과거의 습관, 반복적 동작:
He always carried an umbrella.
3)현재완료의 대용: '...해 본 적이 있다'의 뜻. 보통 once, ever, never
등과 함께 사용.
My grandmother once saw Queen Victoria.
3미래
1)will/shall
(1)단순미래: 단순히 미래에 일어날 일을 말할 때 모든 인칭에
will 사용
You will feel better after you have eaten.
(2)주어의 의지: 항상 will 사용
If you will do it again, do it for yourself.
(3)상대방의 의지를 묻는 will, shall
Will you pass me the salt?
Shall I get your coat for you?
2)be going to-V: 가까운 미래의 예상과 주어의 의도
(1)The rope is going to break!(가까운 미래)
I am going to buy a car.(주어의 의도)
(2)be about to-V: 막...하려고 하다.
We are about to leave.
3)현재진행형, 현재시제에 의한 미래 표현: 미래를 나타내는 부사(구)
수반
(1)현재진행형:예정되어 있는 가까운 미래의 일
Are you playing tennis tomorrow?
(2)현재시제: 변동이 없을 확장적인 미래의 일
The plane arrives at 15:30.
4)be to-V:(예정)...하기로 되어 있다, ...할 예정이다
He is to arrive tomorrow morning.
4 문제
(1-5) ( )에 주어진 동사를 문맥에 맞게 변형시켜라.
1)Our classroom ( have ) sixty chairs now.
2)I hope she ( come ) here next week.
3)She ( be ) eithteen next year.
4)I ( have ) lunch with Tom and Mary yesterday.
5)The boys will be happy when school ( be ) over.
(6-7)다음 중 어법상 틀린 것은?
6)I will not go there, either, if it will rain tomorrow.
1 2 3 4 5
7)I don't know if it will rain tomorrow. 틀린 곳 없음.
1 2 3 4 5
(8-10)빈 칸에 will이나 shall 중 알맞은 것을 써 넣으시오.
8) A: you have another cup of coffee?
B: No, thank you. I've had enough.
9) A: I get you a chair?
B: Yes, please do.
10) A: we go to the lake this afternoon?
B: Yes, let's.
11) 줄 친 부분을 어법에 맞게 고쳐라.
If it will rain, they will not go on a picnic.
동사의 시제 ( Tense 2 )- 완료형
과거: I lived on that island for about 30 years.
( 현재와 단절된 과거의 일 ) --+---+----+-----
30년 현재
현재완료: I have lived on this island for about 30 years.
( 과거의 동작, 상태가 현재와 관련되어 있음을 나타냄 )
1 현재완료형: have[has]+p.p. 과거의 어느 때에서 현재까지의 동작,
상태의 완료, 결과, 경험, 계속
1)완료: '지금 막 ...했다'의 뜻. 이제 막 완료 되었음음 나타냄.
just, now, already, yet 와 함께 쓰임
I have just had lunch.
2)결과: '...했다. (그 결과 지금 ...하다)'. 과거동작의 결과가
현재까지 남아 있음을 나타냄
He has gone to Canada.
Someone has stolen my bicycle.
3)경험: '...한 적이 있다'. 과거에서 현재까지의 경험
ever, never, once, two times 등과 함께
Have you ever been to Paris?
4)계속: '지금까지 죽 ...해오고 있다'. 과거에서 지금까지 계속된 일.
for( ...동안), since( ...이래 )
I have known him since I was a child.
5)현재완료형과 함께 쓸 수 없는 부사(구)
(1)명백한 과거를 나타내는 부사(구) ago, yeaterday, last week,
the other day, in 1988 등은 현재완료에 쓰이지 못하고
과거시제와만 쓰임
He left [ has left (x)] last Sunday.
(2)의문사 when: When did you see[ have you seen(x)] her?
(3)just now: just, now 분리해서는 사용 가능
He came[ has come] back from school just now.
(4)today, lately, this morning[week] 등은 현재완료에 쓸 수 있음
I haven't read the paper this morning.(오전에 말할 경우)
I didn't read the paper this morning.(오후에 말할 경우)
6)주의
(1) I have been to Pusan before.(경험)
(2) Where have you been all day?
--I have been to the zoo.(완료)
(3) He has gone to Hawaii.(결과)
7)그가 죽은지 5년이 되었다.
He died five years ago.
=He has been dead for four years.
=Five years have been passed since he died.
=It is[has been] five years since he died.
2 과거완료: had+p.p . 과거의 어떤 때를 기준으로 그 이전에 일어났던
동작, 상태의 완료, 경험, 결과, 계속
1)완료: I had just finished the work when he came in.
2)결과: They had gone to bed before I came home.
3)경험: I had never seen a tiger till I visited the zoo.
4)계속: She had been ill for a week when I met her.
5)대과거: 과거에 일어난 2 가지 일 중 먼저 일어난 일을 종속절에서
과거완료로 나타내는 것
I gave her the watch that I had bought the day before.
(주의) 등위접속사를 사용하여 일이 일어난 순서대고 말할 때
: 둘 다 과거 시제
I bought a present and gave it to her.
3 미래완료형: will(shall) have+p.p. 미래의 어느 때를 衁준으로 그때까지의
동작의 완료, 결과, 경험, 계속
1)결과: I will have gone on a trip by the time you come.
2)완료: I will have finished readin this book by Tuesday.
3)경험: I am ging to climb Mt. Jiri next week. Then I will have
climbed it three times.
4)계속: He will have been in London for two years by next month.
4문제
(1-3)짝지은 두 문자이 같은 뜻이 되도록 ( )에 일맞은 말을 써 넣어라.
1)I knew him four year ago. I still know him.
=I ( )( ) him for four years.
2)He has lost his pen.
=He ( ) his pen and he doesn't ( ) it.
3)He went to America and he is not here now.
=He ( )( ) to America.
(4-7)( )에 주어진 동사를 문맥에 맞게 써라.
4)Have you ever ( swim ) in winter?
5)He ( visit ) London three times by now.
6)Susan ( be ) sick since last week.
7)I ( finish ) my homework.(just를 넣을 것)
(8-11)( )에 알맞은 부사를 써라.
8)I have worked here ( ) three years.
9)Have you ( ) read this book?
10)He has been in Kwan-ju ( ) last Monday.
11)She has ( ) arrived from Paris.
(12-13)어법상 올바른 것을 고르시오.
12)
①Have you visited Seoul?--- Yes, I did.
②I am knowing that he is honest.
③Things have changed a lot since you were here.
④This big house is belonging to my uncle.
⑤I have once climbed Mt. Sorak some years ago.
13)
①Five years has passed since he died.
②Let's wait until the next bus will come.
③They said he had been hit by a car.
④I have gone to the station.
⑤When have you read this book?
14)다음 물음에 대한 대답으로 가장 알맞은 것은?
How long have you been here?
①Since I was a child. ②When I was young.
③Until I was twenty. ④Before I went to school.
동사의 시제(Tence 3): 진행형
1단순진행형: 진행중인 동작. 짧은 기간 동안만 계속 됨.
1)현재진행형: am[are, is]+V-ing. '...하고 있는 중이다'
(1)당분간만 동작이 계속 됨
The water is boiling.
비교) Water boils at 100 C.
(2)always, continually 와 함께 쓰여 말하는 사람의 불평, 비난을
나타냄
Peter is always losing his key.
(3)왕래발착 동사 come, go, leave, start, arrive의 진행형은 이미
예정되어 있는 가까운 미래의 일
Are you leaving tonight?
2)과거진행형: was[were]+V-ing. '...하고 있는 중이었다'
When we were eating, the telephone rang.
3)미래진행형: will be+V-ing. '...하고 있을 것이다.
I will be writing at the station when your train arrives.
2완료진행형: will have
have[has] + been + V-ing '계속 ...하고 있다.'
had
1)현재완료진행형: I have been painting this room.
2)과거완료진행형: I was too tired. I had been working all day.
3)미래완료진행형: It will have been snowing for five days
tomorrow.
3진행형으로 쓸 수 없는 동사
1)지각동사: see, hear, smell, feel
Do you see[Are you seeing(x)] the rainbow?
2)인식동사: know, think, believe, understand
I know[am knowing(x)] him very well.
3)감정동사: like, love, dislike, hate
I like[am liking(x)] Seoul.
4)be동사와 소유동사: have, belong, own, possess
I have[am having(x)] a book.
5)주의: 진행형이 가능한 경우
(1)have가 소유의 뜻이 아닌 경우
We are having lunch.[=eating]
(2)의지를 나타내는 지각동사 look at, watch, listen to
I see[am seeing(x)] a man outside; he is looking at me.
4문제
(1-2)줄친 부분을 어법에 맞게 고쳐라.
1)I am cleaning my room at that time.
2)We are knowing him well.
3)어법적으로 잘못된 문장을 골라라.(있는대로)
(1)We are having lunch.
(2)I am liking Seoul.
(3)This umbrella is belonging to me.
(4)He is looking at me.
(5)We are hearing nothing.