1 법: 술어동사의 시제 형태를 이용하여 말하는 사람의 마음의 태도를 나타내는 방법
1)직설법: 어떤일을 사실대로 말하는 동사의 시제 형태. 주어의 인칭과 수에 따라 변함
He takes 100 dollars a week.(사실)
2)가정법: 사실로서가 아니라 상상(가정, 소망 등)하여 말하는 동사의
시제 형태
If he were honest, he would tell the truth.(가정)
I wish he were honest.(소망)
3)명령법: 말하는 사람의 명령, 금지, 요구 등을 나타냄. 항상 동사의 원형을 씀
Be honest.(명령)
4)명령법을 포함하는 주요 구문
(1)명령문, and---- : ...하라, 그러면 ----
Hurry up, and you'll catch the train.
=If you hurry up, you'll catch the train.
(2)명령문, or---: ...하라, 그렇지 않으면---
Hurry up, or you'll miss the train.
=If you don't hurry up, you'll miss the train.
=Unless you hurry up, you'll miss the train.
2 If +가정법
1)가정법 시제: 시제 명칭과 실제 가리키는 때가 다름
|
if 가정법 |
시 제 명 칭 |
가 리 키 는 때 |
|
If he be rich |
가정법 현재 |
현재나 미래 |
|
If he were rich |
가정법 과거 |
|
|
If he had been rich |
가정법 과거완료 |
과 거 |
2)가정법 현재: 현재나 미래에 실현 가능성이 불확실한 가정, 상상
If +S' + 동사원형 +...., S+ will/shall/can/may+ V...
(만약 S'가 V'한다면, S는 V할 것이다)
If I be better tomorrow, I will get up.(잘 안쓰임)
=If I am better tomorrow, I will get up.(현대영어에 주로 사용)
3)가정법 과거: 현재의 사실과 반대되거나 실현 가능성이 적은 가정,
상상
If +S'+ were/동사의 과거형+..., S+ would/should/could/might+ V...
(만약 S' 가 V'한다면, S는 V할텐데)
If it weeren't raining, I would go out.
=As it is raining, I can't go out.(직)
주의)
(1)If +should..., S+ 조동사의 현재형,과거형+ V...
(미래 또는 현재에 가정법 현재보다 실현가능성이 희박한 것
가정, 상상)
If I should see him, I'll ask him to call you.
(혹시라도 그를 보게되면)
(2)If +were to..., S+조동사의 과거형+ V...
(미래에 실현 가능성이 전혀없거나 매우 희박한 가정, 상상)
If I were to be born again, I'd like to be a doctor.
(다시 태어난다면)
4)가정법 과거완료: 과거의 사실과 반대되는 가정, 상상
If +S'+ had p.p +..., S+ 조동사의 과거형+have p.p...
(만약 S'가 ...했더라면, S가 ...했을 텐데)
If we had gone by car, we would have saved time.
=As we didn't go by car, we didn't save time.(직)
=We didn't go by car, so we didn't save tiem.(직)
3 I wish +가정법, as if[ as though]+ 가정법
1)I wish+가정법
(1)I wish+ 가.과거: '...한다면 좋을텐데'. 현재사실과 반대되거나
실현가능성이 희박한 것에 대한 소망
I wish I knew how to drive.(안다면)
=I am sorry he didn't go to the doctor at once.(직)
(2)I wish +가.과.완: '...했다면 좋을텐데'. 과거사실가 반대,
실현가능성이 희박했던 것에 대한 소망
I wish he had gone to the doctor at once.(갔다면)
=I am sorry he didn't go to the doctor at once.(직)
2)as if[ as though]+ 가정법
(1)as if+가.과: '마치 ...인것처럼'. 현재사실과 반대, 실현가능성이
희박한 것. 주절의 동사와 같은 때
She speaks as if she were my mother.
(In fact, she is not my mother.)(나의 엄마인 것처럼)
(2)as if+ 가.과.완: '마치 ...였던 것처럼.' 과거사실과 반대, 실현
가능성이 희박했던 것. 주절의 동사보다 앞선 때
She speaks as if she had been my mother.
(In fact, she was not my mother.)(엄마였던 것처럼)
4 주의해야할 가정법
1)if의 생략: 문어체에서. were[had/should] + S+..., ....
Had I not met her then, I would have lost my way.
=If I had not met her than, ....
2)(1)but for[ without]+가정법 과거: (지금) ...이 없다면
But for[ Withour] air, we could not live.
=If it wewre not for air, we .................. .
=Were it not for air, we ......................... .
(2)but for[ without]+ 가.과.완: ...이 없었더라면
But for[ Without] your help, I would have failed.
=If it had not been for your help, ......................... .
=Had it not been for your help, .............................. .
3)It is (high) time +가.과: (이미) ....해야 할 때이다(재촉, 서두름)
It's time you had your hair cut.
=It's time you should have your hair cut.
=It's time for you to have your hair cut.
4)가정법 현재(동사의 원형)가 쓰이는 구문
(1)that절 속의 가정법 현재: 동사: suggest, propose, insist
형용사: important, necessary
S+ 요구,주장,명령,제안,권유,소망,충고 명사, 형용사 +
that+ S'+ (should)+ 동.원
We suggested that he (should) see a doctor.
It is important that she (should) do her best.
(2)기원문 속의 가장법 현재: 현재, 미래에 대한 기원, 소망
May he rest in peace!
5. 문제
1-5)( )안에 주어진 것 중 가장 알맞은 것을 고르시오.
1)If it (will be, is, were) fine, he would go out.
2)If you drank this, you (shall die, would die, died).
3)He talks as if he (knows, knew, will know) her.
4)If it (should, would, could) rain, he will not come.
5)If I (have, had, have had) ten thousand won, I wold buy these books.
6-10)뜻이 같도록 ( )에 알맞은 말 하나씩을 써라.
6)As he is busy, he will not visit her.
=If he ( )( ) busy, he ( ) visit her.
7)She could not walk home, because it was raining.
=She ( )( )( ) home if it ( )( )( ) raining.
8)I am sorry I didn't write to him.
=I wish I ( )( ) to him.
9)If you don't help her, she will not finish the work.
=( )( ), or she will not finish the work.
10)I wish I had not wasted my time in college.
=( )( ) sorry I ( ) my time in college.
11)( )에 들어갈 말로 적당하지 않은 것은?
( ) he were rich.
1 He wishes 2 He hopes that
3 He talks as if 4 He'd be happy if
12)우리말을 영어로 옮긴 것 중 가장 거리가 먼 것은?
나는 그 책을 샀어야만 했는데 사지 못했다.
1 I am sorry I didn't buy the book.
2 I should have bought the book.
3 I might have bought the book.
4 I wish I had bought the book.
13- 17)줄친 부분에서 틀린 부분을 찾아 바르게 고쳐라.
13)If I know the news about it, I would tell you.
14)If the sun rises in the west, I would not change my mind.
15)I wish I were more careful yesterday.
16)She talks as if she is a man.
17)If I knew your address, I would have written to you then.
18-20)우리말과 일치되도록 ( )에 써라.
18)If I ( )( )( ) there yesterday, I ( )( ) have seen
him.(만약 내가 어제 거기 가지 않았더라면 그를 보지 못했을 것이다.
19)I ( ) I ( )( ) him then.
(그때 내가 그를 알았더라면 좋을 것을)
20)If you ( ) a car, where ( ) you ( ) first?
(만약 네게 차가 있다면 제일 먼저 어디로 가겠니?)