1.부정사: < to + 동사원형 >
동사의 의미와 성질을 갖고 있으면서 동시에 다른 품사 역할
1)종류:
(1)to-부정사: He likes to work hard.
(2)원형부정사: I saw her enter the room.
2)용법
(1)명사적(주,목,보): I want to study English. (공부하기를)
(2)형용사적(명사수식): I want more time to study English.(공부할)
(3)부사적(동,형,부,문장 전체수식)
: He stayed home to study English.(공부하기위해)
2.명사적 용법: ...하는 것, ...하기
1)주어: ...하는 것은
To know oneself is difficult.
= It is difficult to know oneself.(가-진주어 구문: 이것이 더 일반적)
2)목적어: ...하기를. 부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사- want, hope, wish, like, begin. start
I make to study after dinner a rule.
= I make it a rule to study after dinner.
3)보어: ...하는 것
To see is to believe.
4)의문사 + to-부정사(명사구): S, O, C
How to live is the most important thing in life.
I don't know what to do.
The important thing is when to go.
3.형용사적 용법: ...할, ...하는, ...인
1)한정용법
(1)명사 + to-v: <주+술 관계><목+술 관계>
There is no one to do it.<주+술>
I wants something to eat.<목+술)
(2)명사 + to-v + 전치사: 전치사의 목적어가 됨
a house to live in (<--live in a house )
a house to live (x)
Give me a chair to sit on. (앉을 자리)
a pencil to write with (쓸 연필)
something to write on (쓸 용지)
a friend to talk with(이야기할 친구)
2)서술용법: 불완전자동사의 보어
She seems to be right.
He appears to know Ann.
I happened to meet her.
4.부사적 용법(1): 동사, 형용사, 부사 수식
1)목적: ...하기위해, ...하려고
I hurried to catch the last train.
(참고) I studied hard in order to (so as to) pass the test.
(합격하기위해)
= I studied hard so that I might pass the test.
2)결과: ~하여 (그 결과) ...되다[하다]
He awake to find himself famous.
awake to find(잠을 깨서 ...임을 알다)
live to be + 나이(...세까지 살다)
... only to-v(...했으나 v하고 말다)
never to-v(...한 후 두 번 다시 v하지 않다)
3)감정의 원인: ...하니(~하다), ...해서(~하다)
주로 감정형용사 glad, sorry, pleased, surprised이나 동사 다음
I was suprised to hear the news.
4)이유, 판단의 근거: ...하다니, ...하는 것을 보니
주로 must be(...임이 틀림없다), can't be(...일 리가 없다) 다음
I was a fool to do that.
5)한정: ...하기에 (~하다), 바로 앞 형용사의 의미 한정
This river is dangerous to swim in.
be srue to-v (반드시 v하다), be about to-v(막 v하다)
be likely to-v(v할 것 같다)
6)조건: 만약 ...한다면
You will be punished to do it again.
5.부사적 용법(II)
1)...enough to-v: (결과)...해서 v할 수 있다
(정도)v할 만큼 충분히 ...하다
He is old enough to go to school.
= He is so old as to go to school.
= He is so old that he can go to school.
2)too... to-v: (결과)매우...하여 v할 수 없다
(정도)v하기에는 너무 ...하다
He is too young to do the work.
=He is so young that he can go to school.
(주의) This book was too difficult for me to read.
=This book was so difficult that I couldn't read it.
(read 뒤의 it의 유무에 유의할 것)
3)so...as to-v:(결과) 매우 ...하여 v하다
(정도) v할 만큼 ...하다
He was so kind as to show me the way.
= He was so kind that he showed me the way.
4)독립부정사: 문 전체를 수식하는 부정사
The man is, so to speak, a groun-up baby.
to be honest (with you)(정직하게 말하면)
to be frank with you(솔직히 말하면)
to be sure(확실히), to begin with(우선, 먼저)
so to speak(말하자면), strange to say(이상하게도)
6.부정사의 의미상의 주어: 부정사의 동작이나 상태의 주체 표시
1)의미상 주어를 표시하지 않는 경우
(1)문장의 주어, 목적어와 일치
My teacher told me to stand up. (목적어-의미상의 주어)
(2)일반인인 경우
It is difficult to speak English well.
2)의미상 주어를 표시하는 경우
(1)for + 목적격 + to-v
He stood aside for her to enter.
(2)of + 목적격 + to-v: 행위를 칭찬, 비난하는 형용사 다음
It was careless of her to lose the ring.
7.부정사의 시제
1)단순부정사(to-v): 술어동사와 같은 때
미래 의미를 담고 있는 술어동사 다음- 이후의 때
(hope, wish, want, expect)
He seems to be diligent.(현재)
= It seems that he is diligent.(현재)
He seemed to be diligent.(과거)
= It seemed that he was diligent.(과거)
He expects to succeed. (현재)
= He expects that he will succeed.(미래)
He expected to succeed.(과거)
= He expected that he would succeed.
2)완료부정사(to have + p.p): 술어동사보다 이전 시제
술어동사: 현재-->완료부정사: 과거, 현재완료
과거--> 과거완료
He seems to have been diligent.(현재)
= It seems that he was[has been] diligent.(과거/과.완)
He seemed to have been diligent.(과거)
= It seemed that he had been diligent.(과.완)
8.원형부정사
1)지각동사(see, watch, look at, hear, listen to, feel) + O + 원형부정사
I didn't hear you come in.
2)사역동사(make, have, let, help) + O + 원.부
I had him wash my car.
= I got him to wash my car.
3)관용표현
(1)had better + v: v하는게 좋다
You had better go at once.
(2)cannot but + v: v할 수밖에 없다, v하지 않을 수 없다
I could not but cry at the sight.
(3)do nothing but + v: 단지 v만 할뿐이다
She did nothing but cry all day.
(4)would rather V1 than V2: V2하느니 차라리 V1하다
She would rather die than lose the children.
9.기타 주의해야할 부정사의 용법
1)<to + be-v >의 여러 가지 뜻
(1)예정: Peter and I are to meet at six.
(2)의무: You are to finish[=must finish] it by six.
(3)가능: No stars are to be seen[=can be seen] in the daytime.
(4)의도: If you are to succeed[=intend to], you must work hard.
(5)운명: He is never to return.[=is doomed to return]
2)부정사의 부정: not, never + to-v
I told him never to tell a lie again.
3)대부정사: 반복을 피하기 위하여 뒤에 나오는 to-v의 v를 생략하고
to만 쓰는 용법
I wanted to go to the movies, but Mother told me not to.
(to=to go to the movies)
4)to-v의 수동형: to be+p.p
To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness.
5)to-v의 진행형: to be v-ing
10.문제
(1-6)밑줄 친 부분의 역할이 명사, 형용사, 부사 중 어느 것인지 쓰시오.
1 He went to Pusan to visit his aunt.
2 He must be foolish to say so.
3 There are many places to see in Kyong-ju.
4 I stopped to take a rest for a while.
5 To see is to believe.
6 It is a lot of fun to play tennis.
(7-12)빈칸에 알맞은 전치사를 쓰시오.
7 It is kind ( ) you to say so.
8 It is difficult ( ) you to understand it.
9 I want a pencil to write ( ).
10 She has a nice house to live ( ).
11 There was no bench to sit ( ).
12 He has no friends to play ( ).
(13-17)다음에서 어법상 어색한 곳을 찾아 바로 잡아라.
13 We let him to come into the room.
14 It is easy to him to swim across the river.
15 Did you see anyone came into this room?
16 She wants Tom visits her next Sunday.
17 You had better to take your umbrella.
(18-24)다음 문장을 우리말로 옮겨라.
18 (a) Tom has some friends to help.
(b) Tom has some friends to help him.
19 (a) I want to learn English.
(b) I want you to learn English.
20 Tell me when to start and whom to visit first.
21 The meeting is to be held next Sunday.
22 He opened the box, only to find it empty.
23 I found it difficult to answer the question.
24 Few people love to be ninety years old.
(25-31)짝지은 두 문장이 같은 뜻이 되도록 빈 칸을 알맞게 채워라.
25 I expect that she will win the game.
-->I expect ( )( )( ) the game.
26 Alice was so rich as to buy the diamond.
-->Alice was rich ( )( ) buy the diamond.
27 Roy was so busy that he could not eat lunch.
-->Roy was ( ) busy ( ) ear lunch.
28 It seems that he is diligent.
-->( ) seems to ( ) diligent.
29 I saw him enter the house.
-->He ( )( )( )( ) the house by me.
30 My friend will come at seven.
-->My friend ( )( ) come at seven.
31 I can make cookies.
-->I know ( )( ) make cookies.
(32-35)주어진 우리말과 뜻이 같도록 괄호 안의 단어를 알맞게 배열하라.
32 I'll (him, bag, carry, this, have) for you.
(나는 그가 너를 위해 이 가방을 운반하도록 하겠다.)
33 The doctor (somke, to, me, told, not) too much.
(그 의사는 나에게 담배를 너무 많이 피우지 말라고 말했다.)
34 It was good (to, you, help, of. them) move.
(네가 그들이 이사하는 것을 도와준 것은 잘한 일이었다.)
35 (say, what, you, made) such a stupid thing?
(무엇 때문에 그런 어리석은 얘기를 했느냐?)