1.조동사
1)본동사 앞에 위치
2)시제
3)부정문, 의문문 만듬
4)동사에 <가능, 허가, 의무> 등의 의미 보충
5)특징:(1)주어의 수, 인칭에 따라 형태가 변치 않음
He must go there.
(2)뒤에는 동사의 원형
He may be in his office.
(3)의문문: <조동사+주어>
Can he speak Korean?
부정문: <조동사+not+본동사>
You must not go there.
2.be, have, do
1)be
(1)진행형(be+v-ing)을 만듬
I was sleeping then.
(2)수동태(be+v-ed)를 만듬
English is spoken in Canada.
(비교)be동사가 <본동사>인 경우
The picture is on the wall.
2)have: 완료형(have+v-ed)을 만듬
I have not seen him.
(비교)have가 <본동사>인 경우
Do you have any pets?
3)do
(1)의문문, 부정문
Do you speak French? -- No, I don't.
(2)앞에 냐온 동사(구)의 반복을 피하기 위한 대동사
He runs faster than I do. (=run)
(3)강조의 조동사: [꼭, 정말로]로 해석
I do hope you will succeed. (do를 강하게 읽음)
(4)도치구문
Never did I dream that he was alive.
(<-- I never dreamed that he was alive.)
(5)do가 <본동사>인 경우
What do you do ?
3.can, could
1)능력: ...할 수 있다(=be able to)
(1)I can[am able to] swim like a fish.
(2)Can you speak Chinese? -- No, I can't.
(3)I could swim like a fish when I was younger.
2)허가: ...해도 좋다(=may)
Can I leave now? (=May I leave now?)
-- Yes, you can.<허가> / No, you can't.<불허>
3)가능성, 추측: ...일 수 있다, ...일지도 모른다
can't:(강한 부정적 추측)...일 리가 없다
can ...?(강한 의혹)...일 수가 있을까?
(1)She can be there now.
(2)The rumor can't be true.
(3)Can the rumor be true?
4) 정중한 부탁:...해주실 수 있습니까?
Could you show me the way to the city hall?
4.may, might
1)허가: ...해도 좋다(=be allowed to)
May I use your car, Father?
--Yes, you may[can]. [허가]
--No, you may not. [불허]
--No, you must not. [금지]
2)추측: ...일지도 모른다
She may not arrive at five.
She might be in her office.(may보다 더 조심스러운 추측)
3)기원문: 바라건대 ...하기를(=I wish)
May you live long!
4)관용표현
(1)may well: ...하는 것도 당연하다
You may well get angry with him.
(2)may as well: ...하는 것이 낫다(= had better)
You may as well stay here.
5.must, have to
1)필요, 의무: ...해야 한다(must=have to)
(1)You must[have to] be here by six.
Must you leave tomorrow?
(2)must는 과거형, 미래형, 완료형이 없음. 대신 have to 사용.
I had to take a taxi. [과거]
(3)don't have to는 ...할 필요가 없다(=need not)란 뜻
2)금지: not과 함께 [...해서는 안된다]
You must not tell a lie.
3) 강한 추측: ...임에 틀림없다
He must be at home.
4)주의
(1)<추측>을 나타내는 must는 have to 로 대신할 수 없음
(2)<추측>을 나타내는 must의 부정은 cannot[...일 리가 없다]임
He cannot be at home.
6.추측의 must[can't, may, might]
1)현재에 대한 추측: must[ can't, may, might]+v
(1)must: ...임에 틀림없다
He must be hungry. (그는 배가 고픈 것이 틀림없다)
(2)can't: ...일 리가 없다
He can't be hungry. (그는 배가 고플 리가 없다)
(3)may[might]: ...일지도 모른다
He may be hungry. (그는 배가 고플지도 모른다)
He might be hungry. (그는 배가 고플지도 모른다)
2)과거에 대한 추측: must[ can't, may, might]+have+v-ed
(1)must have v-ed: (강한 추측)...였음이 분명하다
He must have been asleep. (그는 자고 있었음이 분명하다)
(2)can't have v-ed: (강한 추측)...였을 리가 없다
He can't have been asleep. (그는 자고 있었을 리가 없다)
(3)may[might] have v-ed:(약한 추측)...였을지도 모른다
He may have been asleep. (그는 자고 있었을지도 모른다)
7.will, would
1)will
(1)미래조동사
(2)고집, 강한 의지: 어떻게 해서든지 ...하려고 하다
She will always have her own way.
(3)권유, 요청: Will you ...? (...하시겠습니까?)
Will you have a drink?
(4)추측: ...일 것이다
That will be his car.
2)would
(1)시제의 일치
(2)과거의 고집, 강한 의지: 아무리 해도 ...하려고 했다
He would not listen to my advice.
(3)과거의 습관: ...하곤 했었다
I would sit on the bench for hours.
(4)권유, 부탁: will보다 공손한 표현. 과거로 해석하지 않음
Would you like to have tea with me?
--Yes, I'd like to.
8.shall, should
1)shall
(1)Shall I...?: 제가 ...할까요?
Shall I turn on the light?--Yes, please do.
(2)Shall we...?: 우리 ...할까요?
(둘 이상의 사람들 사이에서 의향을 묻거나 권유할 때)
2)should
(1)의무, 당연한 행위: ...해야 한다(=ought to)
You should help old people.
(2)<명령, 주장, 제안, 충고> 등의 동사, 형용사 다음의 that절
: order, insist, suggest, advise, necessary, important
He ordered that Jack (should) go.
(3)<감정(놀라움, 의외 등)>이나 <판단(당연하다, 이상하다 등)>을
나타내는 형용사 다음의 that절: surprising, natural, right
It is natural that he should succeed.
9.ought to, used to, need, dare
1)ought to
(1)...해야 한다(=should)
You ought to write to your parents.
(2)부정형은 ought not to
You ought not to smoke so much.
2)used to
(1)과거의 습관: 늘...했다; ...하는 것이 습관이었다(=would)
We used to go hiking every weekend.
(2)과거의 상태: 전에는 ...이었다(과거의 상태가 지금은 존재하지 않음
He used to live here.
3)need: ...할 필요가 있다, ...해야 한다.
(1)의문문, 부정문에서만 조동사
Need you go so soon?
(2)긍정문에서는 본동사
The body needs food and water.
4)dare: 감히 ...하다
(1)부정문, 의문문에서만 조동사
How dare you say that?
(2)긍정문에서는 본동사
I dared not ask.
10.문제
1-7)( )에서 문맥상 적절한 것을 고르시오.
1)He is lazy. He (could, might, should) work hard.
2)You (would, need, ought) not to laugh at the poor girl.
3)I (would, used to, should) often stay up late.
4)(Be, Do, Must) come and see me tomorrow.
5)I went there so that I (might, should, ought to) meet him.
6)(Can, May, Must) I go at once?--No, you needn't.
7)I met Kate just now. She (must not, doesn't have to, cannot) be
sick in bed.
8-12)우리말과 같은 뜻이 되도록 may, can[can't], must를 ( )에 써라.
8)He ( ) be sick. (그는 아플지도 몰라.)
9)He ( ) be sick. (그는 아픔에 틀림이 없다.)
10)He ( ) be sick. (그는 아플 리가 없어.)
11)He ( )( )( ) sick. (그는 아팠음에 틀림이 없다.)
12)He ( )( )( ) sick. (그는 아팠을지도 모른다.)
13-17)같은 뜻이 되도록 ( )에 써라.
13)You don't have to return the book.
-->You ( ) not return the book.
14)My father could not sleep last night.
-->My father was not ( ) to sleep last night.
15)We will leave Korea next summer.
-->We ( )( )( ) leave Korea next summer.
16)It would be better for you to stay here today.
-->You ( ) better here today.
17)He lived here before. He doesn't live here any more.
-->He ( )( ) live here.
18)( )에 공통으로 들어갈 말을 써라.
I ( ) like to live in this city.
I thought he ( ) be late for school.
Something was wrong with the door; it ( ) not open.
19-23)틀린 부분을 찾아 바르게 고쳐라.
19)He needs not help her.
20)You have better not speak so loudly.
21)You ought not be lazy.
22)I know it, but I dare not to say it to him.
23)There used to a tall tree here when I was a boy.
24)다음 문장의 줄친 부분과 성격이 같은 것은?
He does enjoy playing the piano.
(1)I did find a fish in the pond.
(2)He does a lot of work.
(3)Does she go to school?
(4)Seldom does he laugh.
(5)I hate him.--So do I.
25-29)줄친 부분에 유의하여 우리말로 옮겨라.
25)You should see carefully.
You should have seen carefully.
26)The tiger must be hungry.
The tiger must eat some food to live.
27)He cannot speak Chinese.
He cannot be a Chinese.
28)He used to play alone.
He is used to playing alone.
29)She may use this dictionary.
She may be tried now.